When must a pilot in command have an instrument rating?

A pilot in command is required to have an instrument rating when flying under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in weather conditions below Visual Flight Rules (VFR) minimums. This requirement is established to ensure that pilots are adequately trained and qualified to navigate in less-than-ideal flight conditions, where visibility may be severely restricted.

In situations where the weather does not meet VFR minimums, pilots may encounter conditions that necessitate reliance on their instruments for navigation and control of the aircraft. Thus, an instrument rating ensures that the pilot has the necessary knowledge and skills to fly safely in such conditions, avoiding potential accidents that could arise from reduced visibility.

In contrast, the conditions of flying under VFR rules or in Class B airspace do not inherently require an instrument rating, as VFR operations allow pilots to fly based on visual reference to the ground and surrounding environment. Therefore, the need for an instrument rating is specific to IFR operations where the pilot may not rely solely on outside visual cues.